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Leadership in Literature
Pragmatic and powerful insights into leadership can be found in the works of Sophocles, Shakespeare, Conrad, and others. Business students nowadays are not, for the most part, poets. A growing proportion come to business school with a background in investment banking or management consulting and an undergraduate business major, rather than a degree in the arts and sciences. MBA students are already very familiar with business. A number of scholars and businesspeople have begun to question the scientific model that dominates business research and teaching.
Some argue that students could learn a lot more about these subjects if they took a course in literature. Examples from fiction can be as instructive as any business textbook. HBR senior editor Diane Coutu recently met with Joseph Badaracco, Jr. For the past decade, Badaracco, the John Shad Professor of Business Ethics at Harvard Business School, has used classical literature to provide well-rounded, complex pictures of leaders in all walks of life—particularly leaders whose psychological and emotional challenges parallel those of senior executives.
Fiction provides some of the most powerful and engaging case studies ever written. Unlike contemporary management literature, which is relentlessly upbeat, classical literature is unsparingly realist. Leaders often struggle and sometimes fail—and the stakes are high. When business leaders read about the conflicts of literary characters, they can better understand their own circumstances. We pay far too little attention to the inner lives of leaders.
Business school courses seem to suggest that you can treat executives like lab animals and control their behavior through their environment. But behaviorism is not enough. Literature suggests that leaders should learn more about themselves if they want to succeed. It used to be that MBA students went how to make serious money with binary options pdf business school to learn about the practice of management.
Most had undergraduate degrees in the arts and sciences. A growing proportion of students attending business schools today majored in business as undergraduates—or they came to business school with five or six years of experience in investment banking or management consulting.
They are people very familiar with business. Of course, in many ways this experience gives students a head start in their MBA course work. They come in knowing basic accounting; they understand discounted cash flow and regression analysis. But, if you think about it, the very fact that they already are so familiar with the content of the traditional MBA program suggests that MBA students perhaps need a little less in the way of quantitative tools and a little more in the way of good judgment and self-knowledge, as well as a deeper understanding of human nature.
Last year in these pages, for example, leadership gurus Warren G. Business how to make serious money with binary options pdf are promoted based on the mathematical rigor of their research rather than on the relevance of it.
What students get in class, therefore, are highly trained academics steeped in mathematics who are teaching formalized management tools. Fiction can be as instructive about leadership and organizational behavior as any business textbook. For the past decade, Joseph L, how to make serious money with binary options pdf. Badaracco, Jr. In recent years, he has also led discussions about serious literary fiction with executives at HBS.
Badaracco uses literature to provide his students with well-rounded, complex pictures of leaders in all walks of life—leaders whose challenges, how to make serious money with binary options pdf, particularly psychological and emotional ones, parallel those of senior executives. Badaracco also examines these issues in his forthcoming book Questions of Character: Illuminating the Heart of Leadership Through Literature Harvard Business School Press, April Recently, HBR senior editor Diane Coutu met with Badaracco for a wide-ranging discussion of what leaders can learn from literature.
Their three-hour conversation led to some surprising insights into the many challenges of leadership. It was a gamble. In my experience, I have found that many businesspeople associate literary discussions with abstruse academic talk and Freudian imagery.
I wanted to use the story as a case study. MBA students perhaps need a little less in the way of quantitative tools and a little more in the way of good judgment and self-knowledge. Of course, literature is more subjective and open-ended than the typical case studies we do at Harvard, which are fact based, highly researched, and focused on particular issues, how to make serious money with binary options pdf.
But it actually provides us with some of the most powerful and engaging case studies ever written. Serious fiction that has survived the test of time raises more questions than it answers. You could learn as much about leadership from that play as you would how to make serious money with binary options pdf reading any business book or academic journal.
Its lessons are certainly no less valuable and probably just as pragmatic. The story centers on a new captain who briefly conceals a killer on his ship. This decision violates the law of the sea, but the captain believes that the man is falsely accused. The premise of this short story, as I see it, is that leaders are not given responsibility, so they must take it—many times emotionally, aggressively, and even forcefully. Often, this is the situation managers face when they are given promotions and new challenges—in business we call them opportunities.
In assuming these new roles, managers have to confront their ability or inability to stare reality in the face, their fears of taking on new responsibilities, and, sometimes, their reluctance to be held personally accountable. Do leaders have the inner resources, the direction, the pragmatism, and the force of will to assume these challenges? Early on, the captain faces a choice: Should he let the stranger on board or not?
Later, he faces the choice of forcing him off the ship. How does the captain handle his first choice? On the whole, not very well. He responds simply as a human being, feeling empathy for the stranger, liking him, and trusting him. These days, when there is so much emphasis on empathy and emotional intelligence, this story gives a nontraditional view of leadership.
Empathy is a decent, even noble, impulse of the captain, but his role brings other obligations. Had the captain made the same decision after struggling to how to make serious money with binary options pdf what was right, we might have more confidence in his choice. There are a lot of unexplored selves that you have to integrate before you can become a leader.
But in the process of taking responsibility, the captain does learn to observe and develop himself. He accomplishes this not simply by practicing navigation skills or studying maps but through self-observation and steady, patient steps toward self-mastery.
Conrad does not mince his words. Taking responsibility is a really hard thing to do. The world is a recalcitrant place. Other people will resist you; there are certain risks. Sometimes leaders have to take responsibility by acting directly and forcefully. Of course, no one is suggesting that business leaders use physical force to get followers to step into line. And yet, CEOs sometimes have to act aggressively.
Taking responsibility is just one of many tests for a leader. One of the hardest challenges is resisting the flow of success. Despite the advice and pleas of everyone around him, Tony ultimately goes to the authorities and confesses, which destroys his professional life and puts his family in physical danger from the Mafia.
Leaders aim at success, how to make serious money with binary options pdf, not self-destruction, but self-destruction is exactly what Tony has brought on himself, raising one of the most perplexing themes in literature and leadership—the hazards of success. It is, paradoxically, a successful life and career and all that accompanies it. I believe that Tony acts this way because he senses that success is ruining his life.
He also treats others with respect, sensitivity, and thoughtfulness. He feels dead inside until he confesses to the crime, then Tony feels excited. To him, the crime acts as a self-administered shock treatment. It wakes him up and makes him feel alive. The crime is wrong, of course, but his way of thinking about it is perversely right—his mind and heart are both engaged. One answer lies in the peculiar idea that we have serious moral obligations not just to others but to ourselves.
The conventional view suggests that selfishness and altruism are opposites. The more selfish a person is, the less he cares about others; the more altruistic a person is, the more he is willing to sacrifice his own interests.
Serious literature suggests a more complicated view. The most admirable people, whether they are extraordinary leaders or ordinary individuals, live and work for others and for themselves.
This is nothing to feel guilty about. Machiavelli once wrote that a man without position in society cannot even get a dog to bark at him. The problem is that Tony needed to learn to underachieve. Many executives also need to learn to underachieve. It is risky and self-destructive to pour all of yourself into work and leave too little of yourself for anything else. How to make serious money with binary options pdf remember a story I read in a business magazine a few years ago about a very powerful CEO who was described as a good family man.
The article told how the executive made sure that he was home for dinner whenever his kids got their report cards. So you figure—four kids, four report cards apiece, 16 dinners a year, tops. He seems to have been paying a high price to be a great performer. I think Auchincloss would argue that paying it—that is, being the best performer you can be—leaves a leader in a very precarious and exposed position.
The illusion of success is dangerous. When really tough times come, as they almost always do, those leaders may have nothing to fall back on, how to make serious money with binary options pdf. Another book I teach is about a Nigerian chieftain named Okonkwo. In a scene in the middle of the book, Okonkwo and his village elders gather for a funeral. The dancing stops once everyone realizes the fate that lies ahead for Okonkwo.
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